Effect of hypercholesterolemia on hypertension-induced renal injury in rats: Insights in the possible mechanisms
Main Article Content
Abstract
The effect of hypercholesterolemia on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced by L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats with a diet containing 1% cholesterol. In these animals L-NAME produced a progressive increase in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial Blood Pressure (BP). Similarly, L-NAME with hypercholesterolemia produced, in addition to compromised serum lipid profile, a progressive increase in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP. Hypercholesterolemia enhanced the hypertensive effect of L-NAME. Also, hypercholesterolemia enhanced hypertension-induced renal injury as assessed by measurement of serum renal function markers and by histopathological examination. Concomitantly, hypertension-induced elevation of renal tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of intracellular reduced Glutathione (GSH) level were enhanced by hypercholesterolemia. In addition, hypertension -induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels in renal tissues were increased by hypercholesterolemia. These results indicate that hypercholesterolemia has the ability to enhance hypertension-induced renal injury. The ability of hypercholesterolemia to provide this effect may positively correlate to its ability to increase renal oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and inflammation.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2020 Abdel-Zaher AO, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Rubattu S, Pagliaro B, Pierelli G, Santolamazza C, Castro SD, et al. (2015) Pathogenesis of target organ damage in hypertension: role of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 16: 823-839. Link: http://bit.ly/32luqCz
Luo WM, Kong J, Gong Y, Liu XQ, Yang RX, et al. (2015) Tongxinluo Protects against Hypertensive Kidney Injury in Spontaneously-Hypertensive Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Activating Forkhead Box O1 Signaling. PLoS One 10: 1-18. Link: http://bit.ly/32lk7yC
Leibowitz A, Volkov A, Voloshin K, Shemesh C, Barshack I, et al. (2016) Melatonin prevents kidney injury in a high salt diet-induced hypertension model by decreasing oxidative stress. J Pineal Res 60: 48-54. Link: http://bit.ly/2VeLrwO
Kamesh V, Sumathi T (2014) Nephroprotective potential of Bacopa monniera on hypercholesterolemia induced nephropathy via the NO signaling pathway. Pharm Biol 52:1327-1334. Link: http://bit.ly/37RSf6a
Samout N, Bouzenna H, Ettaya A, Elfeki A, Hfaiedh N (2015) Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Cleome arabica L. on high cholesterol diet induced damage in rats. EXCLI J 14: 791-800. Link: http://bit.ly/2VbXoDt
Barbaro NR, de Araújo TM, Tanus-Santos JE, Anhê GF, Fontana V, et al. (2015) Vascular Damage in Resistant Hypertension: TNF-Alpha Inhibition Effects on Endothelial Cells. Biomed Res Int 2015: 631594. Link: http://bit.ly/32ffndE
Korsager Larsen M, Matchkov VV (2016) Hypertension and physical exercise: The role of oxidative stress. Medicina (Kaunas). 52: 19-27. Link: http://bit.ly/2HHkaLA
Sandovici M, Henning RH, Hut RA, Strijkstra AM, Epema AH, et al. (2004) Differential regulation of glomerular and interstitial endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the kidney of hibernating ground squirrel. Nitric Oxide 11: 194-200. Link: http://bit.ly/38RcNNr
Korkmaz A, Kolankaya D (2013) Inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase with rutin reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Can J Surg 56: 6-14. Link: http://bit.ly/2HQPTK5
Amin KA, Kamel HH, Abd Eltawab MA (2011) The relation of high fat diet, metabolic disturbances and brain oxidative dysfunction: modulation by hydroxy citric acid. Lipids Health Dis 10: 74. Link: http://bit.ly/2T3ynYl
Akinyemi AJ, Thomé GR, Morsch VM, Bottari NB, Baldissarelli J, et al. (2016) Effect of Ginger and Turmeric Rhizomes on Inflammatory Cytokines Levels and Enzyme Activities of Cholinergic and Purinergic Systems in Hypertensive Rats. Planta Med 82: 612-620. Link: http://bit.ly/2HHkf1Q
Bagheri Nesami N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Najarzadeh A, Salehifar E (2015) The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Pro-Inflammatory Factors and Adiponectin in Mildly Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 85: 156-164. Link: http://bit.ly/39SOT49
Virdis A, Dell'Agnello U, Taddei S (2014) Impact of inflammation on vascular disease in hypertension. Maturitas 78: 179-183. Link: http://bit.ly/2PuINzx
Johnson RJ, Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Rodriguez-Iturbe B (2008) Pathogenesis of essential hypertension: historical paradigms and modern insights. J Hypertens 26: 381-391. Link: http://bit.ly/32enQxR
Xin HG, Zhang BB, Wu ZQ, Hang XF, Xu WS, et al. (2014) Consumption of hydrogen-rich water alleviates renal injury in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem 392: 117-124. Link: http://bit.ly/2T6hgFu
Luo G, Zhu X, Gao Z, Ge H, Yu Y, et al. (2016) Effects of Yishen Pinggan Recipe on Renal Protection and NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016: 1-7. Link: http://bit.ly/32f41X0
Liu C, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Dai X, Zhang J, et al. (2015) Paeoniflorin exerts a nephroprotective effect on concanavalin A-induced damage through inhibition of macrophage infiltration. Diagn Pathol 10. 120. Link: http://bit.ly/39SoB26
Prakash J (2012) Dyslipidemia in diabetic kidney disease. Clinical Queries: Nephrology 1: 115-118. Link: http://bit.ly/37OCwov
Silambarasan T, Manivannan J, Raja B, Chatterjee S (2016) Prevention of cardiac dysfunction, kidney fibrosis and lipid metabolic alterations in l-NAME hypertensive rats by sinapic acid-Role of HMG-CoA reductase. Eur J Pharmacol 777: 113-123. Link: http://bit.ly/38QRBai
He L, Hao L, Fu X, Huang M, Li R (2015) Severe hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia accelerating renalinjury: a novel model of type 1 diabetic hamsters induced by short-term high-fat / high-cholesterol diet and low-dose streptozotocin. BMC Nephrol 16: 51. Link: http://bit.ly/3bRg01o
Ren Y, D'Ambrosio MA, Wang H, Peterson EL, Garvin JL, et al. (2012) Mechanisms of angiotensin II-enhanced connecting tubule glomerular feedback. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303: 259-265. Link: http://bit.ly/2T3yBPb
Kumar U, Chen J, Sapoznikhov V, Canteros G, White BH, et al. (2005) Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin Exp Hypertens 27: 17-31. Link: http://bit.ly/2T6hYT1
Oktem F, Kirbas A, Armagan A, Kuybulu AE, Yilmaz HR, et al. (2011) Lisinopril attenuates renal oxidative injury in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem 352: 247-253. Link: http://bit.ly/2T0cdq0
Rhaleb NE, Pokharel S, Sharma U, Carretero OA (2011) Renal protective effects of N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive mice. J Hypertens 29: 330-338. Link: http://bit.ly/2Ve2Zt4
Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, de Nucci G, Lovisolo SM, Zatz R (1992) Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. A new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 20: 298-303. Link: http://bit.ly/38Q6cTA
Abdel-Zaher AO, Elkoussi AE, Abudahab LH, Elbakry MH, Elsayed EA (2014) Effect of simvastatin on the antihypertensive activity of losartan in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients: role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 28: 237-248. Link: http://bit.ly/37PhTsi
Simonsen U, Ehrnrooth E, Gerdes LU, Faergemann O, Buch J, et al. (1991) Functional properties in vitro of systemic small arteries from rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet for 12 weeks. Clin Sci (Lond) 80: 119-129. Link: http://bit.ly/2P9GWzR
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95: 351-358. Link: http://bit.ly/32iV5QI
Ellman GL (1959) Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 82: 70-77. Link: http://bit.ly/2HMryFu
Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA (2001) A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 5: 62-71. Link: http://bit.ly/3c88Mq6
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502. Link: http://bit.ly/2vSwHsQ
Ofstad J, Iversen BM (2005) Glomerular and tubular damage in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: 665-672. Link: http://bit.ly/2HLZMZC