Chaos, resistant and pseudoresistant hypertension “Thousands of butterflies in the BP control system”
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In Cardiology, we classify hypertensive patients as resistant to treatment, pseudo-resistant, or hyperreactivity subjects, including the WCH (white-coat or masked hypertension). Compliance is another cause of failure in antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension is a complex clinical syndrome and many variables that interfere in BP depend on “The Theory of Chaos” and are not considered. We do not know how many variations the Chaos on BP levels can be. Still, as we have around 30% of “uncontrolled” patients, the Chaos and effects on BP regulation as taking part in this high rates of “uncontrolled” subjects. Chaos is a complicated issue to study, but multi-professional efforts must keep the attention to this relevant “cause” of hypertension. Finally, Chaos theory is well known and accepted in Maths, Economy, Philosophy, Meteorology, Ecology, and other areas of knowledge, but not in the Health area. Crescent attention to Chaos may help better understand some mechanisms and clinical expression of Chaos in pseudo-resistant hypertension and correlated hypertensive syndromes.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Yugar-Toledo JC, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Kaplan NM. Blood pressure measurement and monitoring. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1992 Dec;1(2):306-7. doi: 10.1097/00041552-199212000-00017. PMID: 1345631.
Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, Egan BM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Judd E, Lackland DT, Laffer CL, Newton-Cheh C, Smith SM, Taler SJ, Textor SC, Turan TN, White WB; American Heart Association Professional/Public Education and Publications Committee of the Council on Hypertension; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Genomic and Precision Medicine; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Stroke Council. Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018 Nov;72(5):e53-e90. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084. PMID: 30354828; PMCID: PMC6530990.
Carey RM, Sakhuja S, Calhoun DA, Whelton PK, Muntner P. Prevalence of Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension in the United States. Hypertension. 2019 Feb;73(2):424-431. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12191. PMID: 30580690; PMCID: PMC6693520.
Siddiqui M, Judd EK, Oparil S, Calhoun DA. White-Coat Effect Is Uncommon in Patients With Refractory Hypertension. Hypertension. 2017 Sep;70(3):645-651. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09464. Epub 2017 Jul 10. PMID: 28696223; PMCID: PMC5552439.
de Souza WA, Sabha M, de Faveri Favero F, Bergsten-Mendes G, Yugar-Toledo JC, Moreno H. Intensive monitoring of adherence to treatment helps to identify "true" resistant hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009 Apr;11(4):183-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00102.x. PMID: 19614802; PMCID: PMC8673126.
Modolo R, Ruggeri Barbaro N, de Faria AP, Rodrigues Sabbatini A, Paganelli MO, Fontana V, Moreno H. The white-coat effect is an independent predictor of myocardial ischemia in resistant hypertension. Blood Press. 2014 Oct;23(5):276-80. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2014.883194. Epub 2014 Feb 26. PMID: 24571101.
Ghazi L, Cohen LP, Muntner P, Shimbo D, Drawz PE. Effects of Intensive Versus Standard Office-Based Hypertension Treatment Strategy on White-Coat Effect and Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension: From the SPRINT ABPM Ancillary Study. Hypertension. 2020 Oct;76(4):1090-1096. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15300. Epub 2020 Aug 24. PMID: 32829666; PMCID: PMC7484232.
Feitosa ADM, Mota-Gomes MA, Barroso WS, Miranda RD, Barbosa ECD, Pedrosa RP, Oliveira PC, Feitosa CLDM, Brandão AA, Lima-Filho JL, Sposito AC, Coca A, Nadruz W. Blood pressure cutoffs for white-coat and masked effects in a large population undergoing home blood pressure monitoring. Hypertens Res. 2019 Nov;42(11):1816-1823. doi: 10.1038/s41440-019-0298-3. Epub 2019 Jul 2. PMID: 31263210.
Pierdomenico SD, Lapenna D, Bucci A, Di Tommaso R, Di Mascio R, Manente BM, Caldarella MP, Neri M, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A. Cardiovascular outcome in treated hypertensive patients with responder, masked, false resistant, and true resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005 Nov;18(11):1422-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.014. PMID: 16280275.
Grassi G, Pisano A, Bolignano D, Seravalle G, D'Arrigo G, Quarti-Trevano F, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Mancia G. Sympathetic Nerve Traffic Activation in Essential Hypertension and Its Correlates: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Hypertension. 2018 Aug;72(2):483-491. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11038. Epub 2018 Jun 18. PMID: 29915014.
Wagner CD, Nafz B, Persson PB. Chaos in blood pressure control. Cardiovasc Res. 1996 Mar;31(3):380-7. PMID: 8681325.
Meadows DH, Wright D, ProQuest. Thinking in systems: a primer. London; Sterling, VA White River Junction, Vermont: Earthscan. Chelsea Green Publishing. 2009.
Mancia G, SpringerLink, Resistant Hypertension: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Milano: Springer Milan: Imprint: Springer. 1st 2013.
James GD. The Adaptive Value and Clinical Significance of Allostatic Blood Pressure Variation. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2019;15(2):93-104. doi: 10.2174/1573402115666190301144316. PMID: 30827251; PMCID: PMC6635646.
Mancia G, Facchetti R, Grassi G, Bombelli M. Adverse prognostic value of persistent office blood pressure elevation in white coat hypertension. Hypertension. 2015 Aug;66(2):437-44. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05367. Epub 2015 Jun 8. PMID: 26056342.
Bhatt H, Siddiqui M, Judd E, Oparil S, Calhoun D. Prevalence of pseudoresistant hypertension due to inaccurate blood pressure measurement. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016 Jun;10(6):493-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.03.186. Epub 2016 Mar 30. PMID: 27129931; PMCID: PMC4905807.
Parati G, Agabiti-Rosei E, Bakris GL, Bilo G, Branzi G, Cecchi F, Chrostowska M, De la Sierra A, Domenech M, Dorobantu M, Faria T, Huo Y, Jelaković B, Kahan T, Konradi A, Laurent S, Li N, Madan K, Mancia G, McManus RJ, Modesti PA, Ochoa JE, Octavio JA, Omboni S, Palatini P, Park JB, Pellegrini D, Perl S, Podoleanu C, Pucci G, Redon J, Renna N, Rhee MY, Rodilla Sala E, Sanchez R, Schmieder R, Soranna D, Stergiou G, Stojanovic M, Tsioufis K, Valsecchi MG, Veglio F, Waisman GD, Wang JG, Wijnmaalen P, Zambon A, Zanchetti A, Zhang Y. MASked-unconTrolled hypERtension management based on office BP or on ambulatory blood pressure measurement (MASTER) Study: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2018 Dec 19;8(12):e021038. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021038. PMID: 30573476; PMCID: PMC6303603.
de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, Gorostidi M, de la Cruz JJ, Armario P, Oliveras A, Ruilope LM. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011 May;57(5):898-902. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168948. Epub 2011 Mar 28. PMID: 21444835.
Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rasgon SA, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Plasma renin activity (PRA) levels and antihypertensive drug use in a large healthcare system. Am J Hypertens. 2012 Mar;25(3):379-88. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.216. Epub 2011 Dec 8. PMID: 22158065.
Von Bertalanffy L. ed. General System Theory: Foundations, Development. George Braziller, Inc.: New York. 1969.
CANNON WB. Adaptaciones de la homeostasis [Homeostasis adaptations]. An Med Ateneo Ramon Cajal Mex. 1945 Mar;3:1-9. Spanish. PMID: 20982179.
CANNON JE. Health resources and developments. Administration. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1962 May;52(5):800-2. doi: 10.2105/ajph.52.5.800. PMID: 13876237; PMCID: PMC1522966.
Guyton AC, Coleman TG, Granger HJ. Circulation: overall regulation. Annu Rev Physiol. 1972;34:13-46. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.34.030172.000305. PMID: 4334846.
Persson PB, Wagner CD. From crude cardiovascular signals to chaos. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1998;12 Suppl 1:6s-10s. PMID: 9794134.
Wessel N, Riedl M, Kurths J. Is the normal heart rate "chaotic" due to respiration? Chaos. 2009 Jun;19(2):028508. doi: 10.1063/1.3133128. PMID: 19566283.
Brunton SL, Brunton BW, Proctor JL, Kaiser E, Kutz JN. Chaos as an intermittently forced linear system. Nat Commun. 2017 May 30;8(1):19. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00030-8. PMID: 28559566; PMCID: PMC5449398.
Oestreicher C. A history of chaos theory. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(3):279-89. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.3/coestreicher. PMID: 17969865; PMCID: PMC3202497.
Skokos Ch, Gkolias I, Flach S. Nonequilibrium chaos of disordered nonlinear waves. Phys Rev Lett. 2013 Aug 9;111(6):064101. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.064101. Epub 2013 Aug 7. PMID: 23971575.
Friston K, Heins C, Ueltzhöffer K, Da Costa L, Parr T. Stochastic Chaos and Markov Blankets. Entropy (Basel). 2021 Sep 17;23(9):1220. doi: 10.3390/e23091220. PMID: 34573845; PMCID: PMC8465859.
Sorrentino F, Ott E. Using synchronization of chaos to identify the dynamics of unknown systems. Chaos. 2009 Sep;19(3):033108. doi: 10.1063/1.3186458. PMID: 19791988.
Cugini P. Exploiting the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring via chronobiometric and chaosbiometric methods for a more exhaustive diagnostic approach to arterial hypertension. Clin Ter. 2008 Nov-Dec;159(6):e1-7. PMID: 19169597.
Wagner CD, Persson PB. Chaos in the cardiovascular system: an update. Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Nov;40(2):257-64. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00251-x. PMID: 9893718.
de Godoy MF, Takakura IT, Correa PR, Machado MN, Miranda RC, Brandi AC. Preoperative nonlinear behavior in heart rate variability predicts morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Med Sci Monit. 2009 Mar;15(3):CR117-22. PMID: 19247242.
Alwan A, Maclean DR, Riley LM, d'Espaignet ET, Mathers CD, Stevens GA, Bettcher D. Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries. Lancet. 2010 Nov 27;376(9755):1861-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61853-3. Epub 2010 Nov 10. PMID: 21074258.
He Z. The control mechanisms of heart rate dynamics in a new heart rate nonlinear time series model. Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 16;10(1):4814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61562-6. PMID: 32179768; PMCID: PMC7075874.
Cuspidi C, Tadic M, Grassi G. Blood pressure variability: a new therapeutic target on the horizon. J Hypertens. 2021 Sep 1;39(9):1771-1773. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002865. PMID: 34397626.
Wagner CD, Mrowka R, Nafz B, Persson PB. Complexity and "chaos" in blood pressure after baroreceptor denervation of conscious dogs. Am J Physiol. 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 2):H1760-6. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.5.H1760. PMID: 7503275.
Guyton AC, Cowley AW Jr, Young DB, Coleman TG, Hall JE, DeClue JW. Integration and control of circulatory function. Int Rev Physiol. 1976;9:341-85. PMID: 135739.
Guyton AC. Hypertension. A neural disease? Arch Neurol. 1988 Feb;45(2):178-9. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520260064021. PMID: 3341932.
Mancia G, Facchetti R, Seravalle G, Cuspidi C, Corrao G, Grassi G. Adding Home and/or Ambulatory Blood Pressure to Office Blood Pressure for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction. Hypertension. 2021 Feb;77(2):640-649. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16303. Epub 2021 Jan 4. PMID: 33390055.
Boer-Martins L, Figueiredo VN, Demacq C, Martins LC, Consolin-Colombo F, Figueiredo MJ, Cannavan FP, Moreno H Jr. Relationship of autonomic imbalance and circadian disruption with obesity and type 2 diabetes in resistant hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011 Mar 22;10:24. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-24. PMID: 21426540; PMCID: PMC3072316.
Sterling P. Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation. Physiol Behav. 2012 Apr 12;106(1):5-15. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.004. Epub 2011 Jun 12. PMID: 21684297.
He Z, Dynamics. stability of a new class of nonlinear integrated models with resilience mechanisms Far East Journa of Theoretical Statistics, 2013; 21:1.
He Z. Integer-dimensional fractals of nonlinear dynamics, control mechanisms, and physical implications. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 9;8(1):10324. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28669-3. PMID: 29985429; PMCID: PMC6037749.
Elbert T, Ray WJ, Kowalik ZJ, Skinner JE, Graf KE, Birbaumer N. Chaos and physiology: deterministic chaos in excitable cell assemblies. Physiol Rev. 1994 Jan;74(1):1-47. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.1. PMID: 8295931.
Gleick J, Chaos: making a new science. 20th anniversary ed. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books. xiii, 2008; 360
Moreno H. Pseudo and resistant hypertension: A chaotic perspective. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2022 Jun;24(6):698-703. doi: 10.1111/jch.14486. Epub 2022 Apr 25. PMID: 35466494; PMCID: PMC9180324.
Dinamarco N, Rodrigues B, Yugar-Toledo JC, Moreno H (2022) Chaos a complex Noise on Blood Pressure Orchestration. Cardiolog Res Cardiovasc Med 7: 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-7083.100174